Why Now: The Rise of Shrimp Diseases

Disease “again” Top Challenge for 2018 Goal

1990’s Viruses become the issue

Solution : Domestication + Biosecurity

Not all viruses kill shrimp, but all killed profits

1999: The year where domestication became a dominant theme in Shrimp

And Farm Effective Biosecurity

SPF vannamei Dominate Asia/ Pond reared APE dominate America

Nucleus Breeding is the definition of SPF

KaoKaew Necleius Breeding Center Thailand

We Forget!!!

Limitation of PCR screening : no substitute for Nucleus Breeding Breeding

And you can only screen WHAT YOU KNOW?

SPF Does Work

Response to introduction of Healthy SPF Domesticated Stocks

Reduction of WSSV in Thai Farms

Do Island Geographies ensure pathogen free status?

Belize received IHHNV positive shrimp from Hawaii: 1997
Brazil received TSV positive shrimp from Hawaii: 1995
Thailand received WSSV positive shrimp from Hawaii 2006

REPEAT AGAIN!!!

Nucleus Breeding defines SPF

Only with a documented History can we be certain

Shrimp after a strict Primary Quarantine are entered into the Nucleus

The Nucleus is Closed to all other entries of shrimp, fresh feeds,
water, un-necessary humans

Dying shrimp: Fujian China, May 12, 2009

Our World of Shrimp Changed

• Dying shrimp at 15 days post stock
• Noted shrimp appeared healthy or
dead; no obvious sick shrimp
• Quick investigation showed dying
shrimp in sub units of the region;
but not the entire region
• Disease became known as the 30
day drop dead disease
And we are NOT Sustainable

We made our success with SPF—but with “new disease- SPF concept is questioned?

The Killer spreads:
The Question: Was it broodstock?

Too much Denial; too much Blame when Discovery is important

Discovered EMS was mostly associated with Sediments/and is biological-

Hatcheries began reporting strangulated or constricted HP tubules Also seen in pond animals

And Discovery! A vibrio bacteria with toxin carrying plasmid

Science based solution

Must Reduce Bacterial Foods in the Pond

Remove shrimp sludge, old feed, and molts From Pond quickly

AndDevelopment of Shrimp tolerance to EMS

But Then
Early Mortality is replaced by slow growth and chronic mortality?

Without Healthy Post Larvae: Genetics don’t mean very much

Have Hatcheries maintained a High Standard and Discipline?

• High Health (SPF origin)
• PCR tested (if uncertain)
• >Pl-10 (8.0 mm)- 250/gram
• Low Vibrio count (<103 green
/gram pl tissue)
• Developed Gills
• Free of Fouling Organisms
• Active
• High Size Uniformity
• Salinity stress test: >90% on
30 ppt to 0 ppt to 30 ppt
• HP Health- full of lipid/no
deformity/no necrosis

Only one policy: zero tolerance for poor quality

We have had a Loss of Discipline